KingsleyOnyeagusi
Politics
Bibliographic information published by the German National Library:
The German National Library lists this publication in the National Bibliography;
detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de .
This book is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred,
distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as
specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and
conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable
copyright law. Any unauthorized distribution or use of this text may be a direct
infringement of the author's and publisher's rights and those responsible may be
liable in law accordingly.
Imprint:
Copyright © 2023 GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 9783346990433
This book at GRIN:
https://www.grin.com/document/1436718
The German National Library lists this publication in the National Bibliography;
detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de .
This book is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred,
distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as
specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and
conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable
copyright law. Any unauthorized distribution or use of this text may be a direct
infringement of the author's and publisher's rights and those responsible may be
liable in law accordingly.
Imprint:
Copyright © 2023 GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 9783346990433
This book at GRIN:
https://www.grin.com/document/1436718
Kingsley Onyeagusi
The Global Impact of Renewable Energy and Data Ana-
lytics
GRIN Verlag
The Global Impact of Renewable Energy and Data Ana-
lytics
GRIN Verlag
GRIN - Your knowledge has value
Since its foundation in 1998, GRIN has specialized in publishing academic texts by
students, college teachers and other academics as e-book and printed book. The
website www.grin.com is an ideal platform for presenting term papers, final papers,
scientific essays, dissertations and specialist books.
Visit us on the internet:
http://www.grin.com/
http://www.facebook.com/grincom
http://www.twitter.com/grin_com
Since its foundation in 1998, GRIN has specialized in publishing academic texts by
students, college teachers and other academics as e-book and printed book. The
website www.grin.com is an ideal platform for presenting term papers, final papers,
scientific essays, dissertations and specialist books.
Visit us on the internet:
http://www.grin.com/
http://www.facebook.com/grincom
http://www.twitter.com/grin_com
1
The Global Impact of Renewable Energy and Data Analytics
Kingsley Onyeagusi
United Kingdom
Abstract
With climate change threatening communities worldwide and the net zero goal in sight, accelerating
the transition to renewable energy is a global imperative. Harnessing the power of data analytics can
optimise the adoption and integration of renewables across diverse geographies and contexts. This
article explores the critical role of renewable energy and intelligence systems in developing countries
seeking to expand energy access and for developed nations working to decarbonise energy systems.
The opportunities, challenges, and impacts of the renewables revolution vary between poor nations with
limited existing infrastructure and rich countries possessing advanced technical capabilities. However,
data-driven solutions are invaluable in maximising clean energy potential everywhere while managing
variability. By comparing and contrasting the nuances of integrating high shares of solar, wind, and
other renewables onto grids in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, insights and best practices can
be shared across borders.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are unlocking the promise of renewable energy worldwide
through sophisticated forecasting of supply and demand, optimal location of projects, predictive
maintenance of assets, and real-time management of complex systems. However, technology gaps and
a lack of technical expertise hamper many developing nations. Targeted financing, capacity building,
and knowledge transfer are critical to empowering these regions to benefit from data and renewables in
providing affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy access.
This article highlights significant trends, analyses case studies of success, and synthesises expert
perspectives across the developed and developing world. By documenting the global impacts of
renewables and analytics, stakeholders ranging from policymakers to investors can make informed
decisions that steer all nations towards a decarbonised energy future that leaves no one behind. The
insights can help guide an inclusive and just transition worldwide.
The Global Impact of Renewable Energy and Data Analytics
Kingsley Onyeagusi
United Kingdom
Abstract
With climate change threatening communities worldwide and the net zero goal in sight, accelerating
the transition to renewable energy is a global imperative. Harnessing the power of data analytics can
optimise the adoption and integration of renewables across diverse geographies and contexts. This
article explores the critical role of renewable energy and intelligence systems in developing countries
seeking to expand energy access and for developed nations working to decarbonise energy systems.
The opportunities, challenges, and impacts of the renewables revolution vary between poor nations with
limited existing infrastructure and rich countries possessing advanced technical capabilities. However,
data-driven solutions are invaluable in maximising clean energy potential everywhere while managing
variability. By comparing and contrasting the nuances of integrating high shares of solar, wind, and
other renewables onto grids in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, insights and best practices can
be shared across borders.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are unlocking the promise of renewable energy worldwide
through sophisticated forecasting of supply and demand, optimal location of projects, predictive
maintenance of assets, and real-time management of complex systems. However, technology gaps and
a lack of technical expertise hamper many developing nations. Targeted financing, capacity building,
and knowledge transfer are critical to empowering these regions to benefit from data and renewables in
providing affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy access.
This article highlights significant trends, analyses case studies of success, and synthesises expert
perspectives across the developed and developing world. By documenting the global impacts of
renewables and analytics, stakeholders ranging from policymakers to investors can make informed
decisions that steer all nations towards a decarbonised energy future that leaves no one behind. The
insights can help guide an inclusive and just transition worldwide.
2
Introduction
The transition to renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydropower is accelerating worldwide
as countries seek to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. Data collection and analytics
advances are supporting this transition and helping to maximise the potential of renewable energy
globally.
In Africa, many countries invest heavily in solar and hydropower projects to expand energy access.
Data analytics is used to identify optimal locations for solar farms based on solar irradiance data.
Machine learning algorithms can forecast energy output at proposed sites to improve project feasibility
assessments (Nguyen & Pearce, 2012). Real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance enabled by
smart meters and sensors help enhance operational efficiency and production of renewable assets
(Gagnon et al., 2016).
Asia leads globally in deployed renewable energy capacity, with China and India among the top markets
(Lara-Fanego et al., 2012). Data analytics enables optimised siting of massive utility-scale wind and
solar farms across these vast countries. Predictive analytics also supports the integration of variable
renewable sources into the grid by forecasting generation levels. Analytics-driven microgrid systems
are expanding off-grid access to clean energy in rural Asian communities (Schnitzer et al., 2014).
Europe is transitioning from fossil fuels to an energy system dominated by renewables (European
Commission, 2022). Sophisticated forecasting and analytics tools support real-time coordination and
trading of renewable supply and demand across Europe's integrated power markets. The insights allow
grid operators to balance the system cost-effectively with high shares of variable wind and solar (Team,
2022).
Data analytics enables advanced wind turbine control systems in America to improve efficiency
(Schleicher & Schramm, 2018). Machine learning algorithms predict failure rates of renewable energy
assets to minimise downtime (Leahy, 2018). As more buildings install rooftop solar, distributed energy
resource management systems supported by analytics optimise local generation and storage while
interacting with the broader grid (McKenna & Lopez, 2022).
Global adoption of renewable energy is transforming energy systems away from fossil fuel dependence.
Advancements in data collection networks, analytics techniques and intelligence software are making
this transition smoother, faster and more cost-effective worldwide (IEA, 2017). The synergies between
renewables and data will be vital to building sustainable and resilient energy systems
Global growth of renewable energy and the role of data analytics
Renewable energy has experienced rapid growth worldwide, driven by falling technology costs,
government incentives, and the need to address climate change. Global renewable electricity capacity
almost doubled between 2008 and 2018. Critical renewable energy sources like solar PV, wind, and
hydropower have reached record installations recently. In 2021, renewables comprised over 80% of all
new power capacity added globally. As renewable penetration increases, optimising integration and
grid management becomes crucial. Renewables have variability from fluctuating weather and daily
cycles. Advanced data analytics techniques like machine learning, predictive modelling, and
optimisation algorithms can help manage high shares of renewables.
Data from sensors, meters, and weather forecasts enables better renewable generation forecasting,
directing how other energy assets adjust. Real-time analytics and controls smooth out the variability by
instructing storage facilities when to charge/discharge and modulating demand response. Sophisticated
Introduction
The transition to renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydropower is accelerating worldwide
as countries seek to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. Data collection and analytics
advances are supporting this transition and helping to maximise the potential of renewable energy
globally.
In Africa, many countries invest heavily in solar and hydropower projects to expand energy access.
Data analytics is used to identify optimal locations for solar farms based on solar irradiance data.
Machine learning algorithms can forecast energy output at proposed sites to improve project feasibility
assessments (Nguyen & Pearce, 2012). Real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance enabled by
smart meters and sensors help enhance operational efficiency and production of renewable assets
(Gagnon et al., 2016).
Asia leads globally in deployed renewable energy capacity, with China and India among the top markets
(Lara-Fanego et al., 2012). Data analytics enables optimised siting of massive utility-scale wind and
solar farms across these vast countries. Predictive analytics also supports the integration of variable
renewable sources into the grid by forecasting generation levels. Analytics-driven microgrid systems
are expanding off-grid access to clean energy in rural Asian communities (Schnitzer et al., 2014).
Europe is transitioning from fossil fuels to an energy system dominated by renewables (European
Commission, 2022). Sophisticated forecasting and analytics tools support real-time coordination and
trading of renewable supply and demand across Europe's integrated power markets. The insights allow
grid operators to balance the system cost-effectively with high shares of variable wind and solar (Team,
2022).
Data analytics enables advanced wind turbine control systems in America to improve efficiency
(Schleicher & Schramm, 2018). Machine learning algorithms predict failure rates of renewable energy
assets to minimise downtime (Leahy, 2018). As more buildings install rooftop solar, distributed energy
resource management systems supported by analytics optimise local generation and storage while
interacting with the broader grid (McKenna & Lopez, 2022).
Global adoption of renewable energy is transforming energy systems away from fossil fuel dependence.
Advancements in data collection networks, analytics techniques and intelligence software are making
this transition smoother, faster and more cost-effective worldwide (IEA, 2017). The synergies between
renewables and data will be vital to building sustainable and resilient energy systems
Global growth of renewable energy and the role of data analytics
Renewable energy has experienced rapid growth worldwide, driven by falling technology costs,
government incentives, and the need to address climate change. Global renewable electricity capacity
almost doubled between 2008 and 2018. Critical renewable energy sources like solar PV, wind, and
hydropower have reached record installations recently. In 2021, renewables comprised over 80% of all
new power capacity added globally. As renewable penetration increases, optimising integration and
grid management becomes crucial. Renewables have variability from fluctuating weather and daily
cycles. Advanced data analytics techniques like machine learning, predictive modelling, and
optimisation algorithms can help manage high shares of renewables.
Data from sensors, meters, and weather forecasts enables better renewable generation forecasting,
directing how other energy assets adjust. Real-time analytics and controls smooth out the variability by
instructing storage facilities when to charge/discharge and modulating demand response. Sophisticated
3
analytics also guide better siting and sizing new renewable assets based on geographic and weather data
analysis.
Data analytics unlocks additional value from renewable energy investments while maintaining power
system reliability and resilience.
Critical points on renewable energy solutions:
Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished (Kousksou et al.,2015)
such as sunlight, wind, water, and plants. Primary renewable energy sources include solar, wind,
hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass.
Renewable energy solutions provide clean, sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels like coal, oil and
natural gas (Mansour and Elshafei, 2022). which produce large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions.
Expanding renewables is crucial for climate change mitigation.
Thanks to falling technology costs, solar and wind energy are the fastest-growing renewable sources
worldwide. Renewable energy already accounts for over 26% of global electricity generation.
Governments worldwide are setting renewable energy targets and supporting policies to accelerate the
transition from fossil fuels. Many companies are also adopting renewables for environmental and social
responsibility reasons.
Transitioning to 100% renewable energy requires overcoming intermittent issues, as solar and wind
energy vary based on weather conditions. Solutions include demand management, energy storage,
excellent connectivity across grids, and advanced forecasting.
Renewable energy creates jobs in manufacturing, construction, installation and maintenance. Investing
in renewables provides energy access to remote areas and boosts economic development.
Critical challenges for renewable growth include policy and regulatory barriers, financing costs, grid
integration, storage technology gaps, and inconsistent government support. However, costs continue to
fall as technology improves.
Overall, renewable energy solutions provide economic, environmental and social benefits. With the
right policies and investments, they can transform energy systems into more sustainable and equitable
ones.
The Global Impact of Renewables in Developing and Developed Economy
The transition to renewable energy is underway worldwide, but the impacts look different in developing
versus developed economies. Renewable energy holds great promise for developing nations with
limited energy access, while in advanced economies, they support decarbonisation. (REN21, 2018)
Renewable energy advances in developing countries are accelerating electrification, enabling socio-
economic progress. Solar microgrids and small-scale wind and hydropower projects give rural
communities electricity access for the first time (Schnitzer et al., 2014). Clean energy allows facilities
like schools, clinics and businesses to operate productively. It replaces smoky, toxic fuels formerly used
for lighting and cooking, which improves public health (Lam et al., 2012).
analytics also guide better siting and sizing new renewable assets based on geographic and weather data
analysis.
Data analytics unlocks additional value from renewable energy investments while maintaining power
system reliability and resilience.
Critical points on renewable energy solutions:
Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished (Kousksou et al.,2015)
such as sunlight, wind, water, and plants. Primary renewable energy sources include solar, wind,
hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass.
Renewable energy solutions provide clean, sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels like coal, oil and
natural gas (Mansour and Elshafei, 2022). which produce large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions.
Expanding renewables is crucial for climate change mitigation.
Thanks to falling technology costs, solar and wind energy are the fastest-growing renewable sources
worldwide. Renewable energy already accounts for over 26% of global electricity generation.
Governments worldwide are setting renewable energy targets and supporting policies to accelerate the
transition from fossil fuels. Many companies are also adopting renewables for environmental and social
responsibility reasons.
Transitioning to 100% renewable energy requires overcoming intermittent issues, as solar and wind
energy vary based on weather conditions. Solutions include demand management, energy storage,
excellent connectivity across grids, and advanced forecasting.
Renewable energy creates jobs in manufacturing, construction, installation and maintenance. Investing
in renewables provides energy access to remote areas and boosts economic development.
Critical challenges for renewable growth include policy and regulatory barriers, financing costs, grid
integration, storage technology gaps, and inconsistent government support. However, costs continue to
fall as technology improves.
Overall, renewable energy solutions provide economic, environmental and social benefits. With the
right policies and investments, they can transform energy systems into more sustainable and equitable
ones.
The Global Impact of Renewables in Developing and Developed Economy
The transition to renewable energy is underway worldwide, but the impacts look different in developing
versus developed economies. Renewable energy holds great promise for developing nations with
limited energy access, while in advanced economies, they support decarbonisation. (REN21, 2018)
Renewable energy advances in developing countries are accelerating electrification, enabling socio-
economic progress. Solar microgrids and small-scale wind and hydropower projects give rural
communities electricity access for the first time (Schnitzer et al., 2014). Clean energy allows facilities
like schools, clinics and businesses to operate productively. It replaces smoky, toxic fuels formerly used
for lighting and cooking, which improves public health (Lam et al., 2012).
4
However, challenges still need to be solved around financing renewables in capital-scarce developing
nations. Support from global climate funds and development banks is crucial (Lai and McCulloch,
2017). Data-driven solutions using machine learning can help identify the most impactful locations to
target renewable investments (Nguyen and Pearce, 2012).
In contrast, developed economies like the U.S., Europe, and China have advanced infrastructure and
energy access. Here, the focus is decarbonising existing grids. Governments are setting ambitious
renewable energy goals to phase out fossil fuel use. Wind and solar plants are being built rapidly to
displace coal and natural gas.
However, the intermittent nature of renewables poses integration challenges. Developed economies are
using big data and artificial intelligence to modernise grids. Advanced analytics optimise renewable
energy supply and demand in real-time across large regions. This enables the stability and reliability
required for renewables to become dominant cost-effective energy sources.
Global energy transitions are not one-size-fits-all - context matters. However, in rich and poor
communities, developing renewable energy accompanied by data-driven solutions is critical for meeting
economic, social, and environmental goals. The planet's future depends on accelerating sustainable
electrification and decarbonisation everywhere.
Impact of Cleantech on Renewable Energy Solutions in Developing and Developed Countries
Cleantech innovations are having an essential impact on advancing renewable energy adoption in both
developing and developed countries:
For developing countries:
● Cleantech makes affordable renewable energy technology like solar PV, mini-grids, and LED
lighting through frugal innovation and new business models like pay-as-you-go. This enables
more comprehensive energy access (Rolffs, Ockwell & Byrne, 2015).
● Mobile and digital solutions are overcoming gaps in infrastructure, financing, and skills for
deploying renewables in remote areas needing more traditional utilities (Urpelainen, 2016).
● Startups are tailoring products like simple solar irrigation pumps and cold storage for
smallholder farmers to increase incomes (Komatsu et al., 2011).
● Projects involving blockchain, mobile money, and the IoT facilitate micropayments and
consumer financing for distributed clean energy (Mundada, Shah & Pearce, 2016).
However, challenges still need to be solved around financing renewables in capital-scarce developing
nations. Support from global climate funds and development banks is crucial (Lai and McCulloch,
2017). Data-driven solutions using machine learning can help identify the most impactful locations to
target renewable investments (Nguyen and Pearce, 2012).
In contrast, developed economies like the U.S., Europe, and China have advanced infrastructure and
energy access. Here, the focus is decarbonising existing grids. Governments are setting ambitious
renewable energy goals to phase out fossil fuel use. Wind and solar plants are being built rapidly to
displace coal and natural gas.
However, the intermittent nature of renewables poses integration challenges. Developed economies are
using big data and artificial intelligence to modernise grids. Advanced analytics optimise renewable
energy supply and demand in real-time across large regions. This enables the stability and reliability
required for renewables to become dominant cost-effective energy sources.
Global energy transitions are not one-size-fits-all - context matters. However, in rich and poor
communities, developing renewable energy accompanied by data-driven solutions is critical for meeting
economic, social, and environmental goals. The planet's future depends on accelerating sustainable
electrification and decarbonisation everywhere.
Impact of Cleantech on Renewable Energy Solutions in Developing and Developed Countries
Cleantech innovations are having an essential impact on advancing renewable energy adoption in both
developing and developed countries:
For developing countries:
● Cleantech makes affordable renewable energy technology like solar PV, mini-grids, and LED
lighting through frugal innovation and new business models like pay-as-you-go. This enables
more comprehensive energy access (Rolffs, Ockwell & Byrne, 2015).
● Mobile and digital solutions are overcoming gaps in infrastructure, financing, and skills for
deploying renewables in remote areas needing more traditional utilities (Urpelainen, 2016).
● Startups are tailoring products like simple solar irrigation pumps and cold storage for
smallholder farmers to increase incomes (Komatsu et al., 2011).
● Projects involving blockchain, mobile money, and the IoT facilitate micropayments and
consumer financing for distributed clean energy (Mundada, Shah & Pearce, 2016).
5
For developed countries:
● Advances in battery storage, smart inverters, sensors, and controls enable larger shares of
intermittent renewable generation on modernised grids (Denholm et al., 2015).
● Sophisticated data analytics and artificial intelligence tools integrate high volumes of renewable
energy through better forecasting, planning, and real-time management.
● New materials and designs are improving the efficiency and durability and reducing the cost of
solar panels, wind turbines and electric vehicles.
● Cleantech startups are accelerating innovation in vehicle-to-grid charging, renewable hydrogen,
and utility-scale energy storage (Khalilpour & Vassallo, 2015).
● Apps and online platforms empower prosumers to generate, store, trade, and manage renewable
electricity locally (Parag & Sovacool, 2016).
Overall, the rapid pace of cleantech innovation is critical for developing and industrialised nations to
transition to affordable, reliable and sustainable renewable energy systems (Lerner et al., 2022).
Barriers hindering developing nations from accessing renewable energy solutions:
Lack of Infrastructure - Many parts of Africa need robust electricity infrastructure like transmission
lines and utilities to distribute power from large renewable projects. This makes developing utility-scale
renewables difficult.
High Upfront Costs - The high upfront capital costs of technologies like solar PV and wind farms
make financing challenging (Obeng-Odoom, 2022). Capital is scarce in developing nations, and
borrowing costs are high (Eberhard et al., 2017). This restricts investment in new renewable assets.
Policy and Regulatory Issues - Some developing countries need more transparent policies, incentives,
and regulations to promote renewable energy development (Whiteman, 2015). Issues like unattractive
tariffs, administrative hurdles and corruption hamper private investment (Sovacool, Bazilian & Toman,
2016).
Low Technical Expertise - More technical skills and expertise are often needed in project
development, installation, and maintenance. This slows the adoption of technologies like mini-grids.
Poverty - Widespread poverty constrains individual investments in decentralised solutions like rooftop
solar and clean cookstoves (Casillas & Kammen, 2010). Low energy demand also inhibits growth
(Kaygusuz, 2012).
Information Gaps - Lack of reliable data on renewable energy resources, usage patterns and market
opportunities hinders site selection and viability assessments (Deichmann et al., 2011).
With targeted capacity building, financing support and pro-renewables reforms, developing nations like
those in Africa can overcome these barriers. Regional cooperation also helps smaller markets aggregate
demand and resources for cost-effective projects. However, political commitment is essential for
progress.
For developed countries:
● Advances in battery storage, smart inverters, sensors, and controls enable larger shares of
intermittent renewable generation on modernised grids (Denholm et al., 2015).
● Sophisticated data analytics and artificial intelligence tools integrate high volumes of renewable
energy through better forecasting, planning, and real-time management.
● New materials and designs are improving the efficiency and durability and reducing the cost of
solar panels, wind turbines and electric vehicles.
● Cleantech startups are accelerating innovation in vehicle-to-grid charging, renewable hydrogen,
and utility-scale energy storage (Khalilpour & Vassallo, 2015).
● Apps and online platforms empower prosumers to generate, store, trade, and manage renewable
electricity locally (Parag & Sovacool, 2016).
Overall, the rapid pace of cleantech innovation is critical for developing and industrialised nations to
transition to affordable, reliable and sustainable renewable energy systems (Lerner et al., 2022).
Barriers hindering developing nations from accessing renewable energy solutions:
Lack of Infrastructure - Many parts of Africa need robust electricity infrastructure like transmission
lines and utilities to distribute power from large renewable projects. This makes developing utility-scale
renewables difficult.
High Upfront Costs - The high upfront capital costs of technologies like solar PV and wind farms
make financing challenging (Obeng-Odoom, 2022). Capital is scarce in developing nations, and
borrowing costs are high (Eberhard et al., 2017). This restricts investment in new renewable assets.
Policy and Regulatory Issues - Some developing countries need more transparent policies, incentives,
and regulations to promote renewable energy development (Whiteman, 2015). Issues like unattractive
tariffs, administrative hurdles and corruption hamper private investment (Sovacool, Bazilian & Toman,
2016).
Low Technical Expertise - More technical skills and expertise are often needed in project
development, installation, and maintenance. This slows the adoption of technologies like mini-grids.
Poverty - Widespread poverty constrains individual investments in decentralised solutions like rooftop
solar and clean cookstoves (Casillas & Kammen, 2010). Low energy demand also inhibits growth
(Kaygusuz, 2012).
Information Gaps - Lack of reliable data on renewable energy resources, usage patterns and market
opportunities hinders site selection and viability assessments (Deichmann et al., 2011).
With targeted capacity building, financing support and pro-renewables reforms, developing nations like
those in Africa can overcome these barriers. Regional cooperation also helps smaller markets aggregate
demand and resources for cost-effective projects. However, political commitment is essential for
progress.
6
Ways developing nations in Africa can embrace and source renewable energy solutions:
● Create clear legal frameworks and policies at national and regional levels to attract investment
in renewables. This includes standardised power purchase agreements and feed-in tariffs.
● Strengthen utilities and expand transmission infrastructure to support large-scale renewable
energy projects and distribute centralised power.
● Leverage global climate financing mechanisms like the UN's Green Climate Fund and COP27
commitments to access low-cost capital for renewable energy projects.
● Partner with international development banks like the Africa Development Bank, World Bank
and AFREXIM bank to access renewable energy financing products and risk mitigation tools.
● Promote microgrids powered by mini-hydro, solar PV, wind and hybrid systems to provide
clean electricity access in rural areas. Kenya and Nigeria have successful models.
● Invest in technical training and vocational programs to build local expertise in renewable energy
technologies for operation and maintenance.
● Encourage private sector participation through transparent procurement processes and
accountable contracting for renewable energy projects.
● Take advantage of declining renewable energy technology costs by scaling proven solutions
like solar home systems and clean cookstoves.
● Create databases of renewable energy resources and map project opportunities leveraging
geospatial analytics.
● Foster regional cooperation through power pools and cross-border energy projects to expand
the addressable market.
With the right policies, financing support and knowledge transfer, African nations can follow the lead
of developed countries and tap their ample renewable resources for sustainable growth.
Key opportunities and advantages that renewable energy solutions present for developing nations
● Energy access - Renewables can provide electricity to rural and remote areas without grid
connectivity through decentralised solutions like solar mini-grids (Schnitzer et al., 2014). This
supports economic and social development.
● Poverty alleviation - Access to clean, renewable energy can create jobs and income
opportunities in poor communities by selling solar lanterns or operating mini-grids (Cook,
2011).
● Agriculture - Solar irrigation systems can help improve agricultural productivity and food
security in off-grid rural areas (Burney, Naylor & Postel, 2013).
● Health - Clean cooking with renewables reduces indoor air pollution from dirty fuels,
improving public health, especially for women and children (Lam et al., 2012).
● Education - Powering schools with solar energy can improve education opportunities by
enabling computer labs, night classes (Gustavsson, 2007),
● Environmental - Renewables reduce local air and water pollution while mitigating carbon
emissions and climate impacts. They preserve fragile ecosystems (Shah et al., 2020).
● Resilience - Locally available renewables hedge against volatile imported fossil fuel prices and
reinforce energy independence and national security (Eberhard, 2016).
● Job creation - Renewable energy projects create construction, installation, operation and
maintenance jobs, boosting local economies.
● Leapfrogging - Developing nations can leapfrog over fossil fuel-dependent systems and build
modern grids for decentralised green power.
Ways developing nations in Africa can embrace and source renewable energy solutions:
● Create clear legal frameworks and policies at national and regional levels to attract investment
in renewables. This includes standardised power purchase agreements and feed-in tariffs.
● Strengthen utilities and expand transmission infrastructure to support large-scale renewable
energy projects and distribute centralised power.
● Leverage global climate financing mechanisms like the UN's Green Climate Fund and COP27
commitments to access low-cost capital for renewable energy projects.
● Partner with international development banks like the Africa Development Bank, World Bank
and AFREXIM bank to access renewable energy financing products and risk mitigation tools.
● Promote microgrids powered by mini-hydro, solar PV, wind and hybrid systems to provide
clean electricity access in rural areas. Kenya and Nigeria have successful models.
● Invest in technical training and vocational programs to build local expertise in renewable energy
technologies for operation and maintenance.
● Encourage private sector participation through transparent procurement processes and
accountable contracting for renewable energy projects.
● Take advantage of declining renewable energy technology costs by scaling proven solutions
like solar home systems and clean cookstoves.
● Create databases of renewable energy resources and map project opportunities leveraging
geospatial analytics.
● Foster regional cooperation through power pools and cross-border energy projects to expand
the addressable market.
With the right policies, financing support and knowledge transfer, African nations can follow the lead
of developed countries and tap their ample renewable resources for sustainable growth.
Key opportunities and advantages that renewable energy solutions present for developing nations
● Energy access - Renewables can provide electricity to rural and remote areas without grid
connectivity through decentralised solutions like solar mini-grids (Schnitzer et al., 2014). This
supports economic and social development.
● Poverty alleviation - Access to clean, renewable energy can create jobs and income
opportunities in poor communities by selling solar lanterns or operating mini-grids (Cook,
2011).
● Agriculture - Solar irrigation systems can help improve agricultural productivity and food
security in off-grid rural areas (Burney, Naylor & Postel, 2013).
● Health - Clean cooking with renewables reduces indoor air pollution from dirty fuels,
improving public health, especially for women and children (Lam et al., 2012).
● Education - Powering schools with solar energy can improve education opportunities by
enabling computer labs, night classes (Gustavsson, 2007),
● Environmental - Renewables reduce local air and water pollution while mitigating carbon
emissions and climate impacts. They preserve fragile ecosystems (Shah et al., 2020).
● Resilience - Locally available renewables hedge against volatile imported fossil fuel prices and
reinforce energy independence and national security (Eberhard, 2016).
● Job creation - Renewable energy projects create construction, installation, operation and
maintenance jobs, boosting local economies.
● Leapfrogging - Developing nations can leapfrog over fossil fuel-dependent systems and build
modern grids for decentralised green power.
7
With supportive policies and financing, renewables can empower developing nations to follow a low-
carbon, climate-resilient development path and realise their abundant renewable energy potential.
Critical challenges faced by developed nations on renewable energy solutions
Intermittency - The variable and irregular nature of renewables like solar and wind poses grid
integration and management challenges compared to controllable fossil fuels.
Storage - Cost-effective large-scale energy storage solutions are needed to store surplus renewable
electricity when the sun is not shining or the wind is not blowing. Storage tech remains expensive.
Infrastructure - Many grids must be updated and require significant upgrades and modernisation to
handle bidirectional power flows from decentralised renewables.
Regulation - Policy and regulatory frameworks must evolve to facilitate the transition to renewable
dominance and distributed generation while maintaining reliability.
Market design - Properly redesigning electricity markets to value and incentivise renewable energy
requires sophisticated modelling and reforms.
Resistance - The fossil fuel industry and some consumers resist moving away from conventional energy
and toward renewables. They need to familiarise themselves with renewable energy. Sector and the net
zero plan
Costs - Despite falling prices, large-scale deployment of renewables remains costly and requires
substantial capital investment. Access to finance is imperative.
New skills - Workers need retraining and education to shift from jobs related to fossil fuels to those in
renewable energy. Knowledge gaps exist.
Land use - Large amounts are needed for utility-scale renewable facilities, creating zoning and
environmental concerns.
Developed nations are progressing on these complex challenges with ingenuity and determination
through R&D, policy evolution, and creative market solutions. However, political will and public
support remain essential.
With supportive policies and financing, renewables can empower developing nations to follow a low-
carbon, climate-resilient development path and realise their abundant renewable energy potential.
Critical challenges faced by developed nations on renewable energy solutions
Intermittency - The variable and irregular nature of renewables like solar and wind poses grid
integration and management challenges compared to controllable fossil fuels.
Storage - Cost-effective large-scale energy storage solutions are needed to store surplus renewable
electricity when the sun is not shining or the wind is not blowing. Storage tech remains expensive.
Infrastructure - Many grids must be updated and require significant upgrades and modernisation to
handle bidirectional power flows from decentralised renewables.
Regulation - Policy and regulatory frameworks must evolve to facilitate the transition to renewable
dominance and distributed generation while maintaining reliability.
Market design - Properly redesigning electricity markets to value and incentivise renewable energy
requires sophisticated modelling and reforms.
Resistance - The fossil fuel industry and some consumers resist moving away from conventional energy
and toward renewables. They need to familiarise themselves with renewable energy. Sector and the net
zero plan
Costs - Despite falling prices, large-scale deployment of renewables remains costly and requires
substantial capital investment. Access to finance is imperative.
New skills - Workers need retraining and education to shift from jobs related to fossil fuels to those in
renewable energy. Knowledge gaps exist.
Land use - Large amounts are needed for utility-scale renewable facilities, creating zoning and
environmental concerns.
Developed nations are progressing on these complex challenges with ingenuity and determination
through R&D, policy evolution, and creative market solutions. However, political will and public
support remain essential.
8
Strategies adopted by developed countries to promote and develop renewable energy solutions
Supportive policies and targets - Many developed countries have set ambitious renewable energy
targets (e.g. EU target of 32% renewables by 2030) and implemented policies like feed-in tariffs, tax
credits, and renewable portfolio standards to incentivise adoption (Shen et al., 2010).
Investments in R&D - Government funding for research institutions and partnerships with academia
help improve renewable energy technologies and lower costs through innovation (Nicolli & Vona,
2019)
Upgrades to electricity infrastructure - Investments modernise grids, remove transmission
bottlenecks, and add capabilities like demand response to integrate more renewables (Cochran et al.,
2012).
Removal of fossil fuel subsidies - Phasing out subsidies for coal, oil, and natural gas helps level the
playing field for renewables to compete (Merrill et al., 2015).
Carbon pricing - Carbon taxes and cap and trade systems make fossil fuels reflect environmental costs,
further improving the economics of renewables.
Green energy procurement - Governments use their buying power to purchase renewables for public
facilities and operations, supporting market growth.
Streamlining regulations - Cutting red tape and administrative hurdles for approving and
interconnecting renewable energy projects accelerates development.
Public finance & incentives - Low-interest loans, grants and tax incentives from government banks
and agencies help fund capital-intensive projects (Mazzucato & Semieniuk, 2018).
Community engagement - Proactive outreach and education help communities understand the benefits
of adopting renewables versus resisting change (Rand & Hoen, 2017).
Labour support - Retraining and job placement assistance is provided for workers transitioning from
fossil fuel industries to renewable sectors (Caldecott et al., 2017).
Regional collaborations - Nations cooperate to share best practices, coordinate cross-border projects,
and aggregate resources to achieve economies of scale (Dong et al., 2020).
Strategies adopted by developed countries to promote and develop renewable energy solutions
Supportive policies and targets - Many developed countries have set ambitious renewable energy
targets (e.g. EU target of 32% renewables by 2030) and implemented policies like feed-in tariffs, tax
credits, and renewable portfolio standards to incentivise adoption (Shen et al., 2010).
Investments in R&D - Government funding for research institutions and partnerships with academia
help improve renewable energy technologies and lower costs through innovation (Nicolli & Vona,
2019)
Upgrades to electricity infrastructure - Investments modernise grids, remove transmission
bottlenecks, and add capabilities like demand response to integrate more renewables (Cochran et al.,
2012).
Removal of fossil fuel subsidies - Phasing out subsidies for coal, oil, and natural gas helps level the
playing field for renewables to compete (Merrill et al., 2015).
Carbon pricing - Carbon taxes and cap and trade systems make fossil fuels reflect environmental costs,
further improving the economics of renewables.
Green energy procurement - Governments use their buying power to purchase renewables for public
facilities and operations, supporting market growth.
Streamlining regulations - Cutting red tape and administrative hurdles for approving and
interconnecting renewable energy projects accelerates development.
Public finance & incentives - Low-interest loans, grants and tax incentives from government banks
and agencies help fund capital-intensive projects (Mazzucato & Semieniuk, 2018).
Community engagement - Proactive outreach and education help communities understand the benefits
of adopting renewables versus resisting change (Rand & Hoen, 2017).
Labour support - Retraining and job placement assistance is provided for workers transitioning from
fossil fuel industries to renewable sectors (Caldecott et al., 2017).
Regional collaborations - Nations cooperate to share best practices, coordinate cross-border projects,
and aggregate resources to achieve economies of scale (Dong et al., 2020).
9
Conclusion
The transition to renewable energy is accelerating worldwide, supported by the power of data. Solar,
wind, and other clean sources displace fossil fuels and provide affordable, sustainable electricity access.
Developed nations use policies, incentives, and analytical tools to decarbonise grids and build robust
markets for renewables. Developing countries are leveraging renewables to expand energy access and
drive economic advancement.
However, challenges around integrating variable renewables, infrastructure constraints, and lack of
technical skills still need to be addressed. Data-driven solutions can help overcome these barriers.
Sophisticated forecasting, optimisation algorithms, and real-time management enabled by data analytics
facilitate much higher utilisation of renewable assets. Smart policies and regional coordination also
unlock the abundant potential of renewables.
The global energy transformation requires both political commitment and technological innovation. But
as renewable energy paired with intelligent data systems becomes the norm, all nations can transition
toward resilient, efficient, and clean power sectors. The synergies between renewables and analytics
lead to a more sustainable energy future worldwide.
Conclusion
The transition to renewable energy is accelerating worldwide, supported by the power of data. Solar,
wind, and other clean sources displace fossil fuels and provide affordable, sustainable electricity access.
Developed nations use policies, incentives, and analytical tools to decarbonise grids and build robust
markets for renewables. Developing countries are leveraging renewables to expand energy access and
drive economic advancement.
However, challenges around integrating variable renewables, infrastructure constraints, and lack of
technical skills still need to be addressed. Data-driven solutions can help overcome these barriers.
Sophisticated forecasting, optimisation algorithms, and real-time management enabled by data analytics
facilitate much higher utilisation of renewable assets. Smart policies and regional coordination also
unlock the abundant potential of renewables.
The global energy transformation requires both political commitment and technological innovation. But
as renewable energy paired with intelligent data systems becomes the norm, all nations can transition
toward resilient, efficient, and clean power sectors. The synergies between renewables and analytics
lead to a more sustainable energy future worldwide.
10
Bibliography
AfDB (2019). Electricity regulatory index for Africa 2019. African Development Bank, Côte d’Ivoire.
Bazilian (2018). “Power to the poor: economics and politics of energy access”. Annual Review of
Environment and Resources 43: 119-143.
Bazilian et al. (2013). “Re-considering the economics of photovoltaic power”. Renewable Energy 53:
329-338.
Burney, J., Naylor, R. L., and Postel, S. L. (2013). “The case for distributed irrigation as a development
priority in sub-Saharan Africa”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(31), 12513-
12517.
Caldecott, B., et al. (2017). Stranded Assets: A Climate Risk Challenge. Washington, DC: Inter-
American Development Bank.
Casillas, C. E., and Kammen, D. M. (2010). “The energy-poverty-climate nexus”. Science, 330(6008),
1181-1182.
Cochran, J., et al. (2012). “Flexibility in 21st century power systems”. 21st Century Power Partnership.
Cook, P. (2011), “Infrastructure, rural electrification and development”. Energy for Sustainable
Development, 15(3), 304-313.
Deichmann, U., et al. (2011). “The economics of renewable energy expansion in rural Sub-Saharan
Africa”. Energy policy, 39(1), 215-227.
Denholm, P., et al. (2015). “Overgeneration from Solar Energy in California: A Field Guide to the Duck
Chart”. National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).
Dong et al. (2020). Overview of regional power interconnections in Africa. Journal of Modern Power
Systems and Clean Energy, 8(1), 10-23.
Eberhard, A., et al. (2016). “Independent power projects in sub-Saharan Africa: Investment trends and
policy lessons”. Energy Policy, 108, 390-424.
Eberhard, A., et al. (2017).” Independent power projects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Investment trends and
policy lessons”. Energy Policy, 108, 390-424.
Energy and Climate Change Committee (2018). Low carbon energy and Brexit. House of Commons.
European Commission (2018). 2030 climate & energy framework.
European Commission. (2022). Wind energy in Europe: Outlook to 2050. European Union.
Gagnon, P., et al. (2016) Rooftop solar photovoltaic technical potential in the United States: a detailed
assessment. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Bibliography
AfDB (2019). Electricity regulatory index for Africa 2019. African Development Bank, Côte d’Ivoire.
Bazilian (2018). “Power to the poor: economics and politics of energy access”. Annual Review of
Environment and Resources 43: 119-143.
Bazilian et al. (2013). “Re-considering the economics of photovoltaic power”. Renewable Energy 53:
329-338.
Burney, J., Naylor, R. L., and Postel, S. L. (2013). “The case for distributed irrigation as a development
priority in sub-Saharan Africa”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(31), 12513-
12517.
Caldecott, B., et al. (2017). Stranded Assets: A Climate Risk Challenge. Washington, DC: Inter-
American Development Bank.
Casillas, C. E., and Kammen, D. M. (2010). “The energy-poverty-climate nexus”. Science, 330(6008),
1181-1182.
Cochran, J., et al. (2012). “Flexibility in 21st century power systems”. 21st Century Power Partnership.
Cook, P. (2011), “Infrastructure, rural electrification and development”. Energy for Sustainable
Development, 15(3), 304-313.
Deichmann, U., et al. (2011). “The economics of renewable energy expansion in rural Sub-Saharan
Africa”. Energy policy, 39(1), 215-227.
Denholm, P., et al. (2015). “Overgeneration from Solar Energy in California: A Field Guide to the Duck
Chart”. National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).
Dong et al. (2020). Overview of regional power interconnections in Africa. Journal of Modern Power
Systems and Clean Energy, 8(1), 10-23.
Eberhard, A., et al. (2016). “Independent power projects in sub-Saharan Africa: Investment trends and
policy lessons”. Energy Policy, 108, 390-424.
Eberhard, A., et al. (2017).” Independent power projects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Investment trends and
policy lessons”. Energy Policy, 108, 390-424.
Energy and Climate Change Committee (2018). Low carbon energy and Brexit. House of Commons.
European Commission (2018). 2030 climate & energy framework.
European Commission. (2022). Wind energy in Europe: Outlook to 2050. European Union.
Gagnon, P., et al. (2016) Rooftop solar photovoltaic technical potential in the United States: a detailed
assessment. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
11
Gustavsson, M. (2007). “Educational benefits from solar technology–Access to solar electric services
and changes in children's study routines, experiences from eastern province Zambia”. Energy Policy,
35(2), 1292-1299.
IEA (2021). Renewables 2021: Analysis and Forecast to 2026. Paris, France.
IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank & WHO (2019). Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report
2019. World Bank, Washington DC.
IEA. (2017). Digitalization and Energy. IEA.
Industrial Minerals, (2017). "Energy Storage: an Adaptable Approach to Managing the Electricity
Grid." Available at https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6559345. (Accessed 10
December 2023).
International Energy Agency (2022). Data and analytics: Driving the energy transition. IEA.
IRENA (2015). Renewable Energy Target Setting. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu
Dhabi.
IRENA (2020). Measuring the socioeconomics of transition: Focus on jobs. International Renewable
Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
Jatimulya, A. (2023) Sustainable Energy Solutions: Leading the Path to a Green Future.Available at
https://www.goetiametal.com/clean-energy-solutions-paving-the-way-to-a-sustainable-future/.
(Accessed 10 December 2023).
Joskow (2011). “Comparing the costs of intermittent and dispatchable electricity generating
technologies”. American Economic Review, 101(3): 238-41.
Kaygusuz, K. (2012). “Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries”.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(2), 1116-1126.
Khalilpour, R., and Vassallo, A. (2015). “Leaving the grid: An ambition or a real choice?” Energy
Policy, 82, 207-221.
Komatsu, S., et al. (2011). Enlightening rural communities-empirical evidence of solar lanterns'
promotion of education. The Energy Access Practitioner Network, 48.
Kousksou, T., et al. (2015) “Renewable Energy Potential and National Policy Directions for Sustainable
Development in Morocco”, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, pp. 46-57. doi:
10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056.
Lai, C.S. and McCulloch, M.D. (2017). “Levelized cost of electricity for solar photovoltaic and
electrical energy storage”. Applied Energy 190: 191-203.
Lam, N.L., et al. (2012). “Household light makes global heat: high black carbon emissions from
kerosene wick lamps”. Environmental Science & Technology 46(24): 13531-13538.
Gustavsson, M. (2007). “Educational benefits from solar technology–Access to solar electric services
and changes in children's study routines, experiences from eastern province Zambia”. Energy Policy,
35(2), 1292-1299.
IEA (2021). Renewables 2021: Analysis and Forecast to 2026. Paris, France.
IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank & WHO (2019). Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report
2019. World Bank, Washington DC.
IEA. (2017). Digitalization and Energy. IEA.
Industrial Minerals, (2017). "Energy Storage: an Adaptable Approach to Managing the Electricity
Grid." Available at https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6559345. (Accessed 10
December 2023).
International Energy Agency (2022). Data and analytics: Driving the energy transition. IEA.
IRENA (2015). Renewable Energy Target Setting. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu
Dhabi.
IRENA (2020). Measuring the socioeconomics of transition: Focus on jobs. International Renewable
Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
Jatimulya, A. (2023) Sustainable Energy Solutions: Leading the Path to a Green Future.Available at
https://www.goetiametal.com/clean-energy-solutions-paving-the-way-to-a-sustainable-future/.
(Accessed 10 December 2023).
Joskow (2011). “Comparing the costs of intermittent and dispatchable electricity generating
technologies”. American Economic Review, 101(3): 238-41.
Kaygusuz, K. (2012). “Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries”.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(2), 1116-1126.
Khalilpour, R., and Vassallo, A. (2015). “Leaving the grid: An ambition or a real choice?” Energy
Policy, 82, 207-221.
Komatsu, S., et al. (2011). Enlightening rural communities-empirical evidence of solar lanterns'
promotion of education. The Energy Access Practitioner Network, 48.
Kousksou, T., et al. (2015) “Renewable Energy Potential and National Policy Directions for Sustainable
Development in Morocco”, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, pp. 46-57. doi:
10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056.
Lai, C.S. and McCulloch, M.D. (2017). “Levelized cost of electricity for solar photovoltaic and
electrical energy storage”. Applied Energy 190: 191-203.
Lam, N.L., et al. (2012). “Household light makes global heat: high black carbon emissions from
kerosene wick lamps”. Environmental Science & Technology 46(24): 13531-13538.
12
Lam, N. L., et al. (2012). “Kerosene: a review of household uses and their hazards in low-and middle-
income countries”. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 15(6), 396-432.
Lara-Fanego, V., et al. (2012) “Evaluation of the WRF model solar irradiance forecasts in Andalusia
(southern Spain)”. Solar Energy, 86(8), 2200-2217.
Leahy, K. (2018) “Data analytics helps wind power blow hot and cold”. IEEE Spectrum, 55(3), 21-21.
Lerner, D., et al. (2022). The energy innovation ecosystem: emerging trends, gaps, and
recommendations. Joule.
Mansour, R. and Elshafei, A. M. (2022) “Development of Biofuels as an Alternative Source to
Petroleum: A Review”, Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, 8(3), pp. 23–31.
doi: 10.9734/ajb2t/2022/v8i330127.
Maston, A. (2022). 2021 Wind Technologies Market Report. US Department of Energy.
Mazzucato, M. and Semieniuk, G. (2018). “Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and
why it matters”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 127, 8-22.
McKenna, E., and Lopez, A. (2022) Solar Power and Power Storage Integration: Research for
Residential Buildings in the United States.
Merrill, L., et al. (2015). Fossil-fuel subsidies and climate change: Options for policy-makers within
their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Nordic Council of Ministers.
Mundada, A. S., Shah, K. K., and Pearce, J. M. (2016). “Levelized cost of electricity for solar
photovoltaic, battery and cogen hybrid systems”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 692-
703.
Nguyen, H. T., & Pearce, J. M. (2012) “Incorporating shading losses in solar photovoltaic potential
assessment at the municipal scale”. Solar Energy, 86(5), 1245-1260.
Nicolli, F., and Vona, F. (2019).” Energy market liberalization and renewable energy policies in OECD
countries”. Energy Policy, 128, 853-867.
Obeng-Odoom, F. (2022). “Africa’s energy transitions: A critique of knowledge, governance and
finance”. Energy Research & Social Science, 92, 102599.
Parag, Y., & Sovacool, B. K. (2016). “Electricity market design for the prosumer era”. Nature energy,
1(4), 1-6.
Planas, O. (2023). Solar cars: Sustainable Mobility with Solar energy. Available at https://solar-
energy.technology/what-is-solar-energy/examples/solar-cars. (Accessed 10 December 2023).
Rand, J. and Hoen, B. (2017). “Thirty years of North American wind energy acceptance research: What
have we learned?” Energy Research & Social Science, 29, 135-148.
REN21 (2018). Renewables 2018 Global Status Report, REN21 Secretariat, Paris.
REN21(2022). Renewables 2022 Global Status Report. Paris: REN21 Secretariat.
Lam, N. L., et al. (2012). “Kerosene: a review of household uses and their hazards in low-and middle-
income countries”. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 15(6), 396-432.
Lara-Fanego, V., et al. (2012) “Evaluation of the WRF model solar irradiance forecasts in Andalusia
(southern Spain)”. Solar Energy, 86(8), 2200-2217.
Leahy, K. (2018) “Data analytics helps wind power blow hot and cold”. IEEE Spectrum, 55(3), 21-21.
Lerner, D., et al. (2022). The energy innovation ecosystem: emerging trends, gaps, and
recommendations. Joule.
Mansour, R. and Elshafei, A. M. (2022) “Development of Biofuels as an Alternative Source to
Petroleum: A Review”, Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, 8(3), pp. 23–31.
doi: 10.9734/ajb2t/2022/v8i330127.
Maston, A. (2022). 2021 Wind Technologies Market Report. US Department of Energy.
Mazzucato, M. and Semieniuk, G. (2018). “Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and
why it matters”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 127, 8-22.
McKenna, E., and Lopez, A. (2022) Solar Power and Power Storage Integration: Research for
Residential Buildings in the United States.
Merrill, L., et al. (2015). Fossil-fuel subsidies and climate change: Options for policy-makers within
their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Nordic Council of Ministers.
Mundada, A. S., Shah, K. K., and Pearce, J. M. (2016). “Levelized cost of electricity for solar
photovoltaic, battery and cogen hybrid systems”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 692-
703.
Nguyen, H. T., & Pearce, J. M. (2012) “Incorporating shading losses in solar photovoltaic potential
assessment at the municipal scale”. Solar Energy, 86(5), 1245-1260.
Nicolli, F., and Vona, F. (2019).” Energy market liberalization and renewable energy policies in OECD
countries”. Energy Policy, 128, 853-867.
Obeng-Odoom, F. (2022). “Africa’s energy transitions: A critique of knowledge, governance and
finance”. Energy Research & Social Science, 92, 102599.
Parag, Y., & Sovacool, B. K. (2016). “Electricity market design for the prosumer era”. Nature energy,
1(4), 1-6.
Planas, O. (2023). Solar cars: Sustainable Mobility with Solar energy. Available at https://solar-
energy.technology/what-is-solar-energy/examples/solar-cars. (Accessed 10 December 2023).
Rand, J. and Hoen, B. (2017). “Thirty years of North American wind energy acceptance research: What
have we learned?” Energy Research & Social Science, 29, 135-148.
REN21 (2018). Renewables 2018 Global Status Report, REN21 Secretariat, Paris.
REN21(2022). Renewables 2022 Global Status Report. Paris: REN21 Secretariat.
13
Rolffs, P., Ockwell, D., & Byrne, R. (2015). “Beyond technology and finance: pay-as-you-go
sustainable energy access and theories of social change”. Environment and Planning, 47(12), 2609-
2627.
Schleicher, E., and Schramm, S. (2018). “Digital real-time modeling of power electronics dominated
power systems–Benefits and applications”. Energies, 11(6), 1321.
Schnitzer, D., et al. (2014) “Microgrids for rural electrification: A critical review of best practices based
on seven case studies”. United Nations Foundation.
Shah, V., et al. (2020). Simulation for an optimal mix of distributed solar pv, battery storage, and grid
purchases to reduce emissions at minimum average cost in baseload power systems: A case study for
kenya. Applied Energy, 261, 114390.
Shen, N. et al. (2010). “Renewable portfolio standards policy design and solar energy development in
the United States”. Renewable Energy, 35(1), 10-19.
Sovacool, B. K., Bazilian, M., and Toman, M. (2016).” Paradigms and poverty in global energy policy:
research needs for achieving universal energy access”. Environmental Research Letters, 11(6), 064014.
Sustainable Energy for All 2017 Progress Report, International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development/The World Bank.
Taxodiary – Big Big Data. https://taxodiary.com/2019/12/big-big-data/
Team, I. E. A. (2022). Data and analytics: Driving the energy transition. IEA.
Urpelainen, J. (2016). “Energy poverty and perceptions of solar power in marginalized communities:
Survey evidence from Uttar Pradesh, India”. Renewable Energy, 85, 534-539.
Whiteman, A. (2015). “Renewable energy policy design and framing influences public acceptance:
Evidence from across Europe”. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(6), 1084-
1106.
World Bank (2020). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Rolffs, P., Ockwell, D., & Byrne, R. (2015). “Beyond technology and finance: pay-as-you-go
sustainable energy access and theories of social change”. Environment and Planning, 47(12), 2609-
2627.
Schleicher, E., and Schramm, S. (2018). “Digital real-time modeling of power electronics dominated
power systems–Benefits and applications”. Energies, 11(6), 1321.
Schnitzer, D., et al. (2014) “Microgrids for rural electrification: A critical review of best practices based
on seven case studies”. United Nations Foundation.
Shah, V., et al. (2020). Simulation for an optimal mix of distributed solar pv, battery storage, and grid
purchases to reduce emissions at minimum average cost in baseload power systems: A case study for
kenya. Applied Energy, 261, 114390.
Shen, N. et al. (2010). “Renewable portfolio standards policy design and solar energy development in
the United States”. Renewable Energy, 35(1), 10-19.
Sovacool, B. K., Bazilian, M., and Toman, M. (2016).” Paradigms and poverty in global energy policy:
research needs for achieving universal energy access”. Environmental Research Letters, 11(6), 064014.
Sustainable Energy for All 2017 Progress Report, International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development/The World Bank.
Taxodiary – Big Big Data. https://taxodiary.com/2019/12/big-big-data/
Team, I. E. A. (2022). Data and analytics: Driving the energy transition. IEA.
Urpelainen, J. (2016). “Energy poverty and perceptions of solar power in marginalized communities:
Survey evidence from Uttar Pradesh, India”. Renewable Energy, 85, 534-539.
Whiteman, A. (2015). “Renewable energy policy design and framing influences public acceptance:
Evidence from across Europe”. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(6), 1084-
1106.
World Bank (2020). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank.